The concentration of DNA was quantified by a ND-100 Micro- spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA). Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from the young leaves using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. lanatus accessions against the devastating Korean isolate of D. This study describes the identification of QTL and development of HRM markers using C. lanatus are essential for any marker-assisted future breeding endeavors. bryoniae strains of different parts of the world and development of effective high-throughput markers based on C. Therefore, identification of QTLs conferring resistance to prevalent pathogenic D. amarus (PI 482276 and PI 189225) and hence, are often not effective on C. However, these markers were developed based on the resistance of C. Recently, high throughput KASP markers for resistance to GSB have been reported in watermelon. Among these assays, HRM and Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) assays have relatively simple, fast, and cost-effective approaches. GBS and ddRAD-seq techniques have been used for mapping genes and development of markers in several plant species such as rapeseed, soybean, maize, strawberry and melon. CAPS/HRM markers have been reported for ‘PMR 5’ resistance to powdery mildew race 5 in melon. This facilitated the development of high throughput molecular markers such as Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, high-resolution melting (HRM) and PCR amplicon using InDel based markers in Cucurbitaceae. The release of draft genomes of watermelon and genotyping by sequencing (GBS) has made it possible to discover genome-wide sequence variations including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and Insertion/Deletion (InDel) especially in the causal genes within the QTL regions. Besides, QTLs for GSB resistance have also been identified in other cucurbits, such as Cucumber and melon. Several studies have mapped the QTLs underlying GSB resistance in watermelon, including one QTL on chromosome 8 of PI 189225 explaining 32% of the phenotypic variations three QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5 and 7, explaining between 6.4 and 21.1% of the phenotypic variations and another three QTLs on chromosomes 8 and 6. Genetic studies of these resistant genotypes indicated various patterns of genetic control of resistance to GSB, including monogenic control in PI 189225 and polygenic control with minor effects from individual genes in PI 189225, PI 482283, and PI 526233. Several sources of genetic resistance to GSB have been identified, mostly in the wild relative, Citrullus amarus and later, in both C. Therefore, development of resistant cultivars is the most eco-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable method of watermelon production. Although chemical control methods had been moderately effective in controlling GSB, the repeated use of chemicals has a negative impact on the environment, and may become ineffective due to the rise of resistance to chemicals in certain pathogenic isolates. GSB symptoms include circular dark tan lesions that blight the leaf, stem cankers, and gummy brown ooze exuding from cankers. Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum), is the most devastating disease of watermelon. Watermelon production is frequently hampered by various insects and diseases, of which gummy stem blight (GSB), caused by the soil, airborne, and seed-borne fungal pathogen Didymella bryoniae (syn. Watermelon fruit is rich in water (91%), and important nutritional compounds such as sugars, lycopene, β-carotene and citrulline, which are very beneficial to human health. Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) is one of the most popular fruits in the Cucurbitaceae family, and is grown throughout tropical to temperate regions of the world where the climate is favorable (FAOstat 2021). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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